Globalization and Localization: Evolution and Comparative Study of Planning Standards in Five Central Asian Countries
Abstract：
In the context of globalization and the Belt and Road Initiative, this paper focuses on the spatial and temporal evolution of the planning standards system of the five Central Asian countries. Using the CiteSpace knowledge mapping tool, the three stages of evolution of planning standards in Kazakhstan and other five Central Asian countries from 1991 to 2022 are systematically investigated: the standards were transplanted through the GOST system during the former Soviet Union, the differentiated governance pattern was formed through the localized restructuring of the standards after the independence, and the two-way adaptation mechanism between the embedding of the international standards and the upgrading of the local knowledge was constructed in the stage of globalization. In terms of planning management, the five Central Asian countries have taken urban development borders, urban planning cadastre and detailed planning as three important tools for planning management. In terms of planning standard system, the five Central Asian countries have basically similar planning standard systems, forming a standard system under the territorial planning system integrated with urban engineering. In terms of technical structure, a vertical system of “preliminary study - planning design - engineering design - estimation and measurement of engineering - evaluation of planning implementation” has been formed throughout the planning cycle. The study points out the differences and similarities in land use classification standards, per capita land use indicators, green space rate indicators and development intensity indicators of the five Central Asian countries, and points out the different standard evolution paths chosen by Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan in the face of the pressure on land resources brought about by rapid urbanization and the ecological fragility of the regional environment. The authors hope that this research will provide theoretical support for the integration of China's urban and rural planning standards with international standards in Asia and Europe, as well as for the internationalization of urban and rural planning practices.