薛诗睿 雷振东 高雅

XUE Shirui, LEI Zhendong, GAO Ya

“同等生活条件”是德国的一个彰显社会公平与凸显福利国家性质的长期目标，指在任一地区内人们获得生产、生活等服务的机会一致，包含地区的差异性与多样性。起初这一目标是为解决战后工业化冲击带来的城乡差距问题，后转为解决由东、西分裂带来的基础设施差异问题，但由于德国联邦主义的权限错综复杂，该目标的系统性与正规性一直存疑。2018 年联邦提出建立次级区域生活条件的评估监测体系，旨在通过“指标选取—因子分析—地区分类—细化指标—特征识别”五个步骤计算各类型区与全国平均水平的比对情况，判定得出该类型区生活条件水平的结构性劣势与风险，为后续政策扶持与资金供给提供依据。该体系有两点优势，一是通过科学系统的分析数据得出描述生活条件的关键指标，能客观描述地区与全国平均水平的差异，无等级之分；二是在类型化地区生活条件后筛选“刚性（客观配置）与弹性（主观评价）”双向指标，便于政府/ 利益相关者更为精准地明晰生活条件的差异。这对于我国国土空间规划前期评估中“公共服务与基础设施”部分的现状评价具有科学化的指导意义，或将为后续规划开展、政策落位和对口帮扶提供更为精准的参考。

“Equivalent Living Condition” is a long-standing goal of social justice and the nature of the welfare state in Germany, which refers to the uniformity of access to all types of living services in any given region, encompassing regional differences and diversity. It was initially intended to address the urban-rural divide brought about by the impact of post-war industrialisation, and later to address the huge differences in infrastructure brought about by the East-West divide. To date, Germany has proposed an assessment system for measuring living conditions in sub-regions in order to equalise living conditions across the country. Through a five-step process of “index selection - factor analysis - regional classification - refinement of indicators - identification of characteristics”, the comparison of each type of region with the national average is calculated, and the level of living conditions in that type of region is determined. It determines the structural disadvantages and risks of the living conditions of each type of district, and provides the basis for subsequent policy support and funding. The advantages are twofold: firstly, through scientific and systematic analysis of data, the key indicators describing living conditions are derived, and the differences between districts and the national average are described objectively, with no hierarchy; secondly, the two-way indicators of “rigidity (objective allocation) and flexibility (subjective evaluation)” are screened in the typology of districts, which makes it easy for the government/relevant stakeholders to more accurately understand the living conditions. The second is to filter “rigid (objective allocation) and flexible (subjective evaluation)” two-way indicators after typifying living conditions, so that the government/relevant stakeholders can understand the differences in living conditions more precisely. This is of scientific significance in assessing the current situation of “public services and infrastructure” in the preliminary assessment of China’s territorial spatial planning, and also provides a more accurate reference for the subsequent planning work, policy implementation and counterpart assistance.

薛诗睿，西安建筑科技大学建筑学院，博士研究生。xsr1212@xauat.edu.cn

雷振东（通信作者），西安建筑科技大学建筑学院，院长，教授，博士生导师。lzeast@xauat.edu.cn

高雅，西安建筑科技大学建筑学院，副教授

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