2026年 第3期 DOI：10.19830/j.upi.2025.562
实现同等生活条件——德国乡村振兴及缩小城乡差距的项目经验
Ensuring Equivalent Living Conditions: Project-based Lessons from Germany’s Rural Revitalization and Urban-Rural Gap Reduction
范利 乌尔·阿特克 顾建波
FAN Li, Uwe ALTROCK, GU Jianbo
关键词：同等生活条件；乡村振兴；缩小城乡差距；空间平等；德国
Keywords：equivalent living conditions; rural revitalisation; reducing the urban-rural gap; spatial equality; Germany
摘要：本文以德国为案例，系统分析了20 世纪以来城乡社会空间关系的演变及其调控机制。在工业化与城市化进程推动下，德国城乡关系在形态与功能上发生深刻转变，呈现出要素交织与空间混合的特征，同时伴随着明显的社会空间极化趋势。然而，与多数欧洲国家相比，德国城乡差异总体保持在相对较低水平，这与其多中心空间结构以及长期坚持“实现同等生活条件”的政策导向密切相关。文章从区域规划与实践项目两个层面展开分析：一方面，区域规划通过构建多层级中心体系与空间发展框架，对城乡均衡发展提供制度性支持，但其调控作用存在一定局限；另一方面，近年来以多层级财政支持、社会创新主体参与和多样化实践路径为特征的乡村振兴项目，在缩小城乡差距方面发挥了更为直接的作用。研究表明，德国通过政策原则引导与多元主体协同实践相结合，在城乡社会空间平衡方面形成了具有启示意义的发展路径。
Abstract：This paper takes Germany as a case study to systematically analyse the evolution of urban-rural socio-spatial relations and their regulatory mechanisms since the beginning of the 20th century. Driven by industrialization and urbanization, the urban-rural relationship in Germany has undergone profound transformations in both form and function, showing characteristics of intertwined factors and spatial hybridity, while also exhibiting a clear trend of socio-spatial polarization. However, compared with most European countries, Germany’s urban-rural disparities have remained at a relatively low level overall. This is closely linked to its polycentric spatial structure and its long-standing policy orientation of “ensuring equivalentliving conditions.” The paper analyses this issue from two perspectives: regional planning and practical projects. On the one hand, regional planning, by constructing a multi-level centre system and spatial development frameworks, provides institutional support for balanced urban-rural development, although its regulatory effect has certain limitations. On the other hand, in recent years, rural revitalization projects characterized by multi-level fiscal support, participation of socially innovative actors, and diverse implementation approaches have played a more direct role in narrowing the urban-rural gap. The study shows that Germany, by combining policy-guided principles with coordinated actions among multiple stakeholders, has formed a development pathway that offers valuable insights for achieving balance in urban-rural socio-spatial relations.
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作者简介：范利，联合国人居署，项目专家。fan.li1@un.org
乌尔· 阿特克，德国卡塞尔大学建筑、城市与景观规划学院，院长，城市更新教席教授。altrock@asl.uni-kassel.de
顾建波（通信作者），中国建筑设计研究院有限公司规划设计研究中心，主任工程师，高级城市规划师，注册城乡规划师。gu_jb@163.com